The volunteers, initially all adults, represented a range of races and ethnicities. In Phase 3, the Pfizer-BioNTech trial for adults included more than 44,000 people, and the Moderna Phase 3 trial had more than 30,000. If no serious side effects emerge, it’s on to Phase 3, which includes thousands of volunteers split into two groups - one that receives the drug and the other that receives a placebo. If no serious side effects are reported, the trial moves to Phase 2, which typically involves several hundred volunteers and further refines the correct dosage. The Phase 1 trial usually includes 20-100 volunteers. The efficacy of vaccines is proven through phases of tests on increasingly large numbers of human volunteers. Therapies using mRNA have been around for years and are currently being used to treat cancer and viral diseases. It’s also important to know that although mRNA technology for vaccines is new, the mRNA technology itself isn’t. After the mRNA does its job, it breaks down and is flushed out of your system within hours. It’s important to know that mRNA doesn’t affect your genes in any way because it never enters the nucleus of cells, where your DNA is kept. In doing so, your body’s immune system becomes prepared to fight the virus if you encounter it. Your body recognizes that the spike protein doesn’t belong and starts creating antibodies to remove it. In this case, the message tells your cells to create a harmless piece of a specific spike protein that’s found on the surface of COVID-19. Unlike vaccines that put a weakened or inactivated virus in your body to activate an immune response, the two COVID-19 vaccines use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to deliver a message to your immune system. ( The Pfizer vaccine is now fully FDA approved.) They’re not identical, but they attack the disease using the same method, and both require two doses for the best protection from the COVID-19. Vaccines made by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna were the first to be granted emergency use authorization by the U.S. Learn how they work and get details on their effectiveness and safety. The first two vaccines that were made available for use in the United States use messenger RNA, or mRNA, technology.
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